A Comprehensive Review of Biomaterials Synthesized Using the MICP Process for Sustainable Construction
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Abstract
Building materials and infrastructure contribute to approximately 13% of global CO₂ emissions annually, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2022). This underscores the urgent need to transition to more sustainable construction materials. Emerging biomaterials, developed through innovative processes such as the Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) process, are being explored as potential alternatives to conventional materials. These biomaterials, including bio-concrete, bio- cement, and bio-bricks, are produced using waste materials and biological processes, such as bacteria and plant-based resources that act as carbon sinks, offering an eco-friendly solution to construction challenges. Many researchers and companies are actively experimenting with these materials to solve pressing environmental problems, with promising results. However, challenges remain in optimizing these materials for large-scale production and ensuring their performance under real-world conditions. Despite these obstacles, ongoing research is continually pushing the boundaries of biomaterials' potential in construction, with numerous studies focused on improving their properties and addressing current limitations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the advantages and disadvantages of biomaterials in comparison to traditional construction materials. It explores how these bio- based materials—synthesized through the MICP process—can offer significant benefits, such as self-healing properties, low-cost production, and reduced environmental impact. The review also discusses the challenges that still need to be overcome and the ongoing research aimed at making biomaterials a viable alternative to conventional materials. As part of the field of engineering, this paper highlights the critical role of biotechnology in advancing sustainable construction practices and the continued evolution of biomaterials in engineering applications.
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