Implementation of A Delay-Tolerant Routing Protocol in the Network Simulator NS-3
Main Article Content
Abstract
The paper explores the implementation of the Epidemic Routing Protocol using the NS-3 simulator, focusing on its application in intermittently connected networks like Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs). The Epidemic Protocol maximizes message delivery by flooding the network with multiple copies, ensuring reliability even in sparse or highly mobile environments. Through NS-3 simulations, the study examines the protocol’s performance, considering factors such as network size, node mobility, and message Time-To-Live (TTL). The simulation, which models an ad-hoc wireless network using IEEE 802.11b, demonstrates that the protocol achieves a 100-percentage packet delivery ratio with minimal latency. Tools like NetAnim provide detailed insights into node interactions and message dissemination, highlighting the protocol’s effectiveness in maintaining communication under challenging conditions. The paper concludes that while the Epidemic Protocol is resource- intensive, it is highly effective for scenarios where traditional routing methods fail, offering a reliable solution for dynamic and partitioned network.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
More, A., Kale, R. (2022). “Review on Recent Research Trends and Applications in Delay Tolerant Networks,” 2022 6th International Conference On Computing, Communication, Control And Automation (ICCUBEA). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCUBEA54992.2022.10011041
T. Li, Z. Kong and L. Zhang,”Supporting Delay Tolerant Networking: A Comparative Study of Epidemic Routing and NDN,” 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Dublin, Ireland, 2020
P. Gopalakrishnan et al.,”Routing protocol Analysis for Heterogeneous Nodes in a Dynamic and Sparse Environment,” 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Kharagpur, India, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCNT49239.2020.9225354
Z. Du et al., ”A Routing Protocol for UAV-Assisted Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks,” in IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, vol. 2, pp. 85-98, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2021.3054759
Vineeth B.S., Chandramani Sing, “Stability and average delay in delay tolerant networks with Poisson packet arrivals and buffered relay nodes”, Performance Evaluation, Volumes 157–158, 2022, sciencedirect.com https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peva.2022.102319
C. Sauer, M. Schmidt and M. Sliskovic, ”Delay Tolerant Networks in Industrial Applications,” 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Zaragoza, Spain, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2019.8869173
S. Taileb, S. Loucif and M. O. Khaoua, ”On the Performance of Epidemic DTN Routing on Low-Power and Lossy Networks,” 2023 2nd International Conference on Electronics, Energy and Measurement (IC2EM), Medea, Algeria, 2023, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2EM59347.2023.10419800
Verma, A., Savita and Kumar, S. Routing Protocols in Delay Tolerant Networks: Comparative and Empirical Analysis. Wireless Pers Commun 118, 551–574. Springer Nature 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-08032-4
Y. Raval, J. Gandhi and N. Pandya, ”A Review of Opportunistic Routing Protocols on Various Parameters,” 2022 6th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), Erode, India, 2022, pp. 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCMC53470.2022.9753737
I. A. Shah, M. Ahmed and A. Yadav, ”A Novel Delay Tolerant Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks,” 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), Pune, India, 2024, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/I2CT61223.2024.10543686. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CT61223.2024.10543686
Yong Li, Pan Hui, Depeng Jin, and Sheng Chen., ”Delay-Tolerant Network Protocol Testing and Evaluation” IEEE Communications Magazine.
Yao, L., Bai, X. and Wang, Z., 2023, April. An Overview of Intelligent Algorithm-Based Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks. In 2023 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS) (pp. 345-350). IEEE https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCS57501.2023.10150521
N. P. Douglass, J. Langel, W. J. Moore, L. Ng, R. M. Dudukovich and S. Mal-Sarkar, ”Application of Fountain Code to High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networks,” in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3315659
R. Dalal, M. Khari, J. P. Anzola and V. Garc´ıa-D´ıaz, “Proliferation of Opportunistic Routing: A Systematic Review,” in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 5855-5883, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3136927
Perumal, S., Raman, V., Samy, G.N., Shanmugam, B., Kisenasamy, K. and Ponnan, S., 2022. Comprehensive literature review on delay tolerant network (DTN) framework for improving the efficiency of internet connection in rural regions of Malaysia. International Journal of f System Assurance Engineering and Management, 13(Suppl 1), pp.764-777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-022-01632-2
Mishra, S.K. and Gupta, R., 2022. Routing protocols in an opportunistic network: A survey. In Computer Networks, Big Data and IoT: Proceedings of ICCBI 2021 (pp. 185-195). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0898-9_14
Rashidi, L., Towsley, D., Mohseni-Kabir, A. and Movaghar, A. On the performance analysis of epidemic routing in non-sparse delay tolerant networks. 2022 IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2022.3144683
Rajput, D.S. and Ahmed, S.T.,. Evaluating the Performance of Delay Tolerant in Network Routing Protocols. 2022 International Journal of Computational Learning & Intelligence, 1(1), pp.1-8.
Sonkar, N., Pandey, S. and Kumar, S., A novel scheme to deploy the throwboxes in delay tolerant networks. In Computer Networks and Inventive Communication Technologies: Proceedings of Fifth ICCNCT 2022 (pp. 669-681). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3035-5_50
Madoery, P.G., Kurt, G.K., Yanikomeroglu, H., Hu, P., Ahmed, K., Martel, S. and Lamontagne, G., 2023. Routing Heterogeneous Traffic in Delay-Tolerant Satellite Networks. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification. https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2023.3269887
Ghafouri-ghomi, Z. and Rezvani, M.H., An optimized message routing approach inspired by the landlord-peasants game in disruptiontolerant networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 2022 127, p.10278 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2022.102781
Sommer, M., Hochst, J., Sterz, A., Penning, A. and Freisleben, B., ¨ ProgDTN: Programmable Disruption- Tolerant Networking. 2022, May. In International Conference on Networked Systems (pp. 184-200). Cham: Springer International Publishing https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17436-0_13
Harrati, Y. and Abdali, A., Performance Analysis of Adaptive Fuzzy Spray and Wait Routing Protocol. 2019.J. Commun., 14(8), pp.739-744 https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.14.8.739-744
Ahmed, M., Goyal, S., Singh, S., & Gupta, J.,. An improved Spray and Wait routing protocol for Delay Tolerant Network. In 2019 2nd IEEE Middle East and North Africa Communications Conference (MENACOMM) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/MENACOMM46666.2019.8988574
Mass, J., Srirama, S.N. and Chang, C., 2020. STEP- ONE: simulated testbed for edge-fog processes based on the opportunistic network environment simulator. Journal of Systems and Software, 166, p.110587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2020.110587
Heru Nurwarsito, Naldo Steven Sirait, Detecting Blackhole Attack using Encounter Records on Multi-Copy Routing Protocols in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN). (2020). In International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (Vol. 9, Issue 3S, pp. 152–157). https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.c1034.0193s20
Sreekanth, G. R., Suganthe, R. C., & Latha, R. S. (2019). Performance Improvement of DTN Routing Protocols with Enhanced Buffer Management Policy. In International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) (Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 9852–9857). https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d9145.118419
Baig, M. A. (2021). An Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol (ECCRP) Technique Based on Weighted Clustering Algorithm for Different Topologies in Manets using Network Coding. In Indian Journal of Data Communication and Networking (Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 31–34). https://doi.org/10.54105/ijdcn.b5011.041221
R, M. C., & Ramakrishna, M. (2019). An Assessment on Energy Efficient Protocols for MANETS. In International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 1556–1561). https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1349.109119
Saroj, S. K., Yadav, M., Jain, S., & Mishra, R. (2020). Performance Analysis of Q-Leach Algorithm in WSN. In International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (Vol. 5, Issue 10, pp. 1–4). https://doi.org/10.35940/ijies.i0977.0651020