Smart Renewable–Hydrogen Energy Networks and Fusion-Assisted Technologies for Sustainable, Carbon-Free Electricity Generation

Abstract

Two complementary technological routes, smart renewable–hydrogen energy networks and fusion-assisted electricity generation, are of great interest in the global push towards decarbonised power systems. Renewable-Hydrogen networks combine variable renewables (such as solar, wind, and hydro) and electrolysis with delivery, storage, and digital management to provide dispatchable, carbon-free electricity. Meanwhile, after recent strides in ignition and with rising private-sector funding, fusion energy is becoming a long-term, high-density, low-carbon alternative to renewable-hydrogen generation. This review compiles recent literature (2020-2025) on the various production methods for green hydrogen, hydrogen storage technologies, smart grid management with the aid of artificial intelligence, and the status of magnetic and inertial confinement fusion, before exploring the possibility of using fusion-assisted heat and electricity generation in conjunction with renewable hydrogen infrastructure for augmenting the reliability of the grid and minimising emissions throughout the hydrogen value chain. Three comparative tables summarise hydrogen production routes, hydrogen storage options, and fusion confinement approaches, and four proposed schematic figures visualise network architecture, production growth trends, fusion reactor concepts, and an integrated fusion–hydrogen– renewable smart grid. The paper discusses key barriers (capital cost, materials durability, electrolyser degradation, fusion engineering readiness, etc.) and the policy and research priorities needed to support a resilient, low-carbon electricity future.