Particle Size Range in Continuous Particulate Air Monitors (CPAMs) of Gombe Metropolitan Area Northeastern Nigeria: Characterization, Challenges, and Implications for Air Quality Monitoring

Abstract

Detailed analysis of data on radiation and elevation measured in 3 lines of 161 points of the Gombe Metropolitan Area. Measurements of radiation in Lines 1, 2, and 3 were 18-42 Bq, 25-39 Bq, and 18-39 Bq, respectively, and most of the measurements corresponded to the natural background. Spatial heterogeneity existed, with potential hotspots associated with geological or anthropogenic sources. Topographic gradients were evident in the elevation data, with the highest and lowest elevations at approximately 476 and 712 meters, respectively, which influenced soil composition, microclimates, and pollutant distribution. These spatial distributions highlight the importance of local judgments in managing environmental risks. Statistical analysis of the process stability in general was done with the help of control charts, Sens Slope estimator, and box plots, but sometimes the outliers (that were more than control limits, mainly 42 Bq and 38 Bq) were present, and it was possible to consider the existence of other external factors or measurement errors. The mere positive shifts in Lines 1 and 3 also indicate that the radiological environment can remain in the same position over time. All these findings suggest that the climate has remained relatively stable radiologically, and local malformities should be monitored. Timely detection of abnormal conditions, environmental security, and risk mitigation measures through close observation and comprehensive spatial and temporal investigations is critical in cities and peri-urban regions. The results highlight the significance of continuous monitoring and local risk control to ensure environmental security, as well as the importance of stable radiological conditions in the long run. Still, they should be monitored with skilled attention to detect anomalies in urban and peri-urban areas in a timely manner.